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Source: http://oneoldvet.com/?p=40784
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Tuesday, April 2, 2013
Congestion in Earth's mantle: Mineralogists explain why plate tectonics stagnates in some places
Mar. 31, 2013 ? Earth is dynamic. What we perceive as solid ground beneath our feet, is in reality constantly changing. In the space of a year Africa and America are drifting apart at the back of the Middle Atlantic for some centimeters while the floor of the Pacific Ocean is subducted underneath the South American Continent. "In 100 million years' time Africa will be pulled apart and North Australia will be at the equator," says Prof. Dr. Falko Langenhorst from the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (Germany). Plate tectonics is leading to a permanent renewal of the ocean floors, the mineralogist explains. The gaps between the drifting slabs are being filled up by rising melt, solidifying to new oceanic crust. In other regions the slabs dive into the deep interior of Earth and mix with the surrounding Earth's mantle.
Earth is the only planet in our solar system, conducting such a 'facelift' on a regular basis. But the continuous up and down on Earth's crust doesn't run smoothly everywhere. "Seismic measurements show that in some mantle regions, where one slab is subducted underneath another one, the movement stagnates, as soon as the rocks have reached a certain depth," says Prof. Langenhorst. The causes of the 'congestion' of the subducted plate are still unknown. In the current issue of Nature Geoscience, Prof. Langenhorst and earth scientists of Bayreuth University now explain the phenomenon for the first time.
According to this, the rocks of the submerging ocean plate pond at a depth of 440 to 650 kilometers -- in the transition zone between the upper and the lower Earth mantle. "The reason for that can be found in the slow diffusion and transformation of mineral components," mineralogist Langenhorst explains. On the basis of high pressure experiments the scientists were able to clarify things: under the given pressure and temperature in this depth, the exchange of elements between the main minerals of the subducted ocean plate -- pyroxene and garnet -- is slowed down to an extreme extent. "The diffusion of a pyroxene-component in garnet is so slow, that the submerging rocks don't become denser and heavier, and therefore stagnate," the Jena scientist says.
Interestingly there is congestion in Earth's mantle exactly where the ocean floor submerges particularly fast into the interior of Earth. "In the Tonga rift off Japan for example, the speed of subduction is very high," Prof. Langenhorst states. Thereby the submerging rocks of the oceanic plate stay relatively cold up to great depth, which makes the exchange of elements between the mineral components exceptionally difficult. "It takes about 100 Million years for pyroxene crystals which are only 1 mm in size to diffuse into the garnet. For this amount of time the submerging plate stagnates," Langenhorst describes the rock congestion. It can probably only diffuse at the boundary of the lower Earth mantle. Because then pyroxene changes into the mineral akimotoite due to the higher pressure in the depth of 650 kilometers. "This could lead to an immediate rise in the rock density and would enable the submerging into greater depths."
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- W. L. van Mierlo, F. Langenhorst, D. J. Frost, D. C. Rubie. Stagnation of subducting slabs in the transition zone due to slow diffusion in majoritic garnet. Nature Geoscience, 2013; DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1772
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/lA2XiL0tTGo/130331165559.htm
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Monday, April 1, 2013
South Africa: Mandela in hospital on Easter
JOHANNESBURG (AP) ? Former South African President Nelson Mandela had a restful day in a hospital Sunday and is improving following treatment for a recurrence of pneumonia, the government said.
The office of President Jacob Zuma thanked South Africans who prayed for 94-year-old Mandela at Easter church services this weekend, as well as people at home and around the world who showed their "love and support in various ways" for the anti-apartheid leader and his family.
"We also thank foreign governments for their messages of support," Zuma's office said in a statement.
The government "is satisfied that the doctors are providing the former president with the best medical care possible to enable his recovery and comfort. They have reported a further improvement in his condition," the statement said.
Mandela was admitted to a Pretoria hospital near midnight Wednesday. It was his third trip to a hospital since December, when he was treated for a lung infection and also had a procedure to remove gallstones. Earlier in March, he spent a night in a hospital for what officials said was a scheduled medical test.
"The whole world must come together and pray for him," Zacheus Phakathi, a security guard, said Sunday at an outdoor service on a hill overlooking Johannesburg.
In Pretoria, the capital, Henry Hyar, a restaurant waiter, standing by a hospital where Mandela is believed to be, said it was unfortunate that Mandela could not be with his family at home during Easter.
"I'm not happy about it," Hyar said. "We're praying for him to get better as soon as possible."
On Saturday, Zuma's office reported that Mandela was breathing without difficulty after having a procedure to clear fluid in his lung area.
Mandela became South Africa's first black president in 1994 after elections were held, bringing an end to the system of white racist rule known as apartheid. After his release from prison in 1990, Mandela was widely credited with averting even greater bloodshed by helping the country in the transition to democratic rule.
The Nobel Peace Prize laureate has been particularly vulnerable to respiratory problems since contracting tuberculosis during his 27-year imprisonment for fighting white racist rule in his country.
The elderly are especially vulnerable to pneumonia, which can be fatal. Its symptoms include fever, chills, a cough, chest pain and shortness of breath. Many germs cause pneumonia.
The office of President Jacob Zuma has said doctors were acting with extreme caution because of the Mandela's advanced age.
___
Associated Press television cameraman Bram Janssen contributed to this report from Pretoria.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/south-africa-mandela-hospital-easter-112931330.html
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New Resident Brings Attention to Connecticut Animal Sanctuary
[unable to retrieve full-text content]Photos of a baby Rothschild giraffe at the LEO Zoological Conservation Center in Connecticut are lighting up television and computer screens around the world.
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If you play the game, the winners have won (Unqualified Offerings)
This TV stinks. No, really!
Once upon 1981, John Waters tried to engage his cult-ish fans with a scratch-and-sniff "Odorama" card to complement the film Polyester. This TV is not that -- in fact, it's a decidedly higher-tech approach to true Smell-O-Vision. Devised by a team of Japanese researchers at the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology and demoed in prototype form at IEEE's Virtual Reality conference, the set uses four corner-mounted fans to break the fourth wall and create an immersive olfactory experience. By merging and adjusting vapors fed through these four airflows, the team can somewhat realistically trick viewers into believing the scent is coming from localized areas of the screen. We can just hear parents of the future now: "Stop sitting so close to the screen, Johnny. You're gonna pass out from the fumes." Ah, the future...
Filed under: Home Entertainment, Science
Via: New Scientist
Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/vP9Tk5L7ZBY/
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Professional Business Marketing ? Grow Your Business By Getting ...
Even small business owners who don?t consider themselves innovative or creative can have great ideas and tremendous payoffs simply by being more observant ? willing to test and measure what works and what doesn?t.
In my experience, what really works when generating new ideas in business is sticking with basics, then combining or recombining existing ?assets? or resources into new products, services or niches.
Here are five suggestions to get you thinking, moving and looking in different directions for ideas you can apply to your own business:
1. Get inspired by other industries.
A great example of this is used-car retailer Carmax, a company that originally started as a retail initiative from executives at the electronics firm Circuit City. From lessons learned in researching the frustrations buyers faced when shopping for cars, the Carmax team developed a concept that reinvented the used-car industry.?Take note that the team didn?t go after the highly competitive new-car category, but instead focused on used cars, an industry infamous for poor service, shoddy salesmanship and questionable quality.
Your own takeaways from other industries needn?t be so grandiose. For example, guaranteeing your work in an industry that doesn?t or ?can?t? offer guarantees can be a game-changer. My own company adopted a guarantee a few years ago that allows us to offer a value proposition that is very competitive in our market.
Related:?What Your Business Can Learn From March Madness
2. Mine your customers? needs.
This seems obvious, but I?m always amazed how many companies fail to ask for ? or more importantly, listen to ? customer opinions on services, selection, or added value they?re looking for someone to deliver.
Complaints are also a good start. They can signal buyer frustrations that in most cases can be relieved with better service, delivery and communication.
Questions are also good prompts. ?Do you sell this?? or ?Can you do this for me?? may lead you to discover a way to offer new goods or services that cost very little to implement but generate revenues with significant margins and returns on investments.
3. Listen to your team.
Your team is another source for great ideas, especially when it comes to productivity and efficiency in process or operations. If you?re willing to ask the questions and listen, you?ll probably find two or three great ideas you can implement with little disruption to your current operations.
This, by the way, is applicable in any business. A great example of this is Subway?s game-changing ?$5 Footlong? promotion, originally developed and tested by a Florida franchisee in 2004.
Related:?3 Ingredients for Building Effective Teams
4. Hit the books.?
Many owners discount the value of seminars, books and workshops, but there?s no better way to get ideas than to learn from those who have ?been there? and ?done that? before you.?
We live in a rare age where more information is readily available than at any other time in history. Take advantage of our capital stock of accumulated knowledge and information. You?ll start to see connections between categories and industries you never realized before.
5. Find yourself a trusted advisor.
Getting an outside perspective can add value and dimension to you operation, especially if the person working with you is growth-oriented and has a proven track record of success.
A good advisor can typically look at your operations and give you a number of strategically sound suggestions you may not have thought of before, whether it?s re-purposing idle stock or capacity for new uses or markets, re-pricing your product or service lines, repositioning or updating your brand, or adopting new processes for going after new or existing customers.
The best ideas arrive when we?re willing to see and do new things. Start noticing what areas of your business you?d like to innovate or turn around. Not every fix may be a good fit for you, but the more you explore and test, the faster you will find innovations with a potential to be transformational for your company.
Related:?3 Ways to Stay Connected to Your Growing Business
Source: http://lowbrowse.org/grow-your-business-by-getting-back-to-basics.html
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